Race and Ethnicity in Sports Practice Test

Understanding how racism shows up in sports often comes down to who has specifically studied a particular context. Mauro Valeri is the scholar whose work directly focuses on racism in Italian football, offering empirical observations of racist incidents and analyzing how Italian fan culture, club dynamics, and institutional responses shape and sustain that racism. His analysis ties the problem to the Italian football environment itself, showing it as a continuing and identifiable issue within Italy’s soccer culture.

By contrast, Omi and Winant develop a broad framework of racial formation primarily rooted in the United States, which is not Italy-specific. Pierre Bourdieu provides a general theory of power and symbolic violence within social fields, including sports, but does not center on Italian soccer or document rising racism there. Christina Chin does not address racism in Italian football in the way Valeri does. Because Valeri directly documents and interprets increased racism within Italian soccer, his work is the best cited for this question.